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Scientists study Mount St. Helens magma to understand volcano risks | KING 5
Wednesday, May 24, 2017
A four-year experiment to locate and study the liquid rock known as magma under Mount St. Helens is expected to hit a milestone. Ken Creager, a geophysicist at the UW, is quoted. Read More -
Trump budget would slash science programs across government | Nature News
Wednesday, May 24, 2017
Proposed cuts in Trump's budget include 11 percent at the National Science Foundation, 18 percent at the National Institutes of Health and 30 percent at the Environmental Protection Agency. John Vidale, a seismologist at the UW, is quoted. Read More -
37 years later: What's changed since the Mount St. Helens eruption? | Q13 FOX News
Monday, May 22, 2017
In the early spring of 1980, Mount St. Helens had a single seismograph monitoring earthquakes on the mountain. Steve Malone, professor emeritus of Earth and space sciences, recalls the event and what's changed in the meantime. Read More -
UW seismology lab analyzed quakes before Mount St. Helens eruption | KING 5
Monday, May 22, 2017
Steve Malone was deeply involved in the science and analysis surrounding the eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980. Malone, a professor emeritus of Earth and space sciences, is interviewed about the event. Read More -
What's geomorphology and why does it matter? (Asking for a friend) | KUOW
Monday, May 22, 2017
David Montgomery, a UW professor of Earth and space sciences, is working to raise awareness of the crucial role dirt plays in human survival, especially when it comes to soil degradation. KUOW recorded a recent talk about his new book, "Growing a Revolution: Bringing Our Soil Back to Life." Read More -
Weathering of rocks a poor regulator of global temperatures
Monday, May 22, 2017
A new University of Washington study shows that the textbook understanding of global chemical weathering -- in which rocks are dissolved, washed down rivers and eventually end up on the ocean floor to begin the process again -- does not depend on Earth’s temperature in the way that geologists had believed.
A river runs through a valley in the Himalayan mountains. New results show the rate for chemical weathering of rocks is not as sensitive to global temperatures as geologists thought.Pixabay
The study, published May 22 in the open-access journal Nature Communications, looks at a key aspect of carbon cycling, the process by which carbon atoms move between the air, rocks and the oceans. The results call into question the role of rocks in setting our planet’s temperature over long timescales.
“Understanding how the Earth transitioned from a hothouse climate in the age of the dinosaurs to today could help us better understand long-term consequences of future climate change,” said corresponding author Joshua Krissansen-Totton, a UW doctoral student in Earth and space sciences.
The current understanding is that Earth’s climate is controlled over periods of millions of years by a natural thermostat related to the weathering of rocks. Carbon dioxide is released into the air by volcanoes, and this gas may then dissolve into rainwater and react with silicon-rich continental rocks, causing chemical weathering of the rocks. This dissolved carbon then flows down rivers into the ocean, where it ultimately gets locked up in carbon-containing limestone on the seafloor.
As a potent greenhouse gas, atmospheric carbon dioxide also traps heat from the sun. And a warmer Earth increases the rate of chemical weathering both by causing more rainfall and by speeding up the chemical reactions between rainwater and rock. Over time, reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the air by this method cools the planet, eventually returning the climate to more moderate temperatures -- or so goes the textbook picture.
“The general idea has been that if more carbon dioxide is released, the rate of weathering increases, and carbon dioxide levels and temperature are moderated,” co-author David Catling, a UW professor of Earth and space sciences. “It's a sort of long-term thermostat that protects the Earth from getting too warm or too cold.”
Read the open-access study in Nature CommunicationsThe new study began when researchers set out to determine conditions during the earliest life on Earth, some 3.5 billion to 4 billion years ago. They first tested their ideas on what they believed to be a fairly well-understood time period: the past 100 million years, when rock and fossil records of temperatures, carbon dioxide levels and other environmental variables exist.
Earth’s climate 100 million years ago was very different from today. During the mid-Cretaceous, the poles were 20 to 40 degrees Celsius warmer than the present. Carbon dioxide in the air was more than double today’s concentrations. Seas were 100 meters (330 feet) higher, and dinosaurs roamed near the ice-free poles.
The researchers created a computer simulation of the flows of carbon required to match all the geologic records, thus reproducing the dramatic transition from the warm mid-Cretaceous times to today.
“We found that to be able to explain all the data -- temperature, CO2, ocean chemistry, everything -- the dependence of chemical weathering on temperature has to be a lot weaker than was commonly assumed,” Krissansen-Totton said. “You also need to have something else changing weathering rates that has nothing to do with temperature.”
Geologists had previously estimated that a temperature increase of 7 C would double the rate of chemical weathering. But the new results show that more than three times that temperature jump, or 24 C, is required to double the rate at which rock is washed away.
“It’s just a much less efficient thermostat,” Krissansen-Totton said.
The authors suggest that another mechanism controlling the rate of weathering may be how much land is exposed above sea level and the steepness of Earth’s surface. When the Tibetan Plateau was formed some 50 million year ago, the steeper surfaces may have increased the global rate of chemical weathering, drawing down more CO2 and bringing the climate down to today’s more moderate temperatures.
“In retrospect, our results make a lot of sense,” Catling said. “Rocks tell us that Earth has had large swings in temperature over geological history, so Earth’s natural thermostat can’t be a very tight one.”
Their calculations also indicate a stronger relationship between atmospheric CO2 and temperature, known as climate sensitivity. Doubling CO2 in the atmosphere eventually triggered an increase of 5 or 6 degrees Celsius in global temperatures, which is about twice the typical projections for temperature change over centuries for a similar doubling of CO2 due to human emissions.
Though not the final word, researchers said, these numbers are bad news for today’s climate shifts.
“What all this means is that in the very long term, our distant descendants can expect more warming for far longer if carbon dioxide levels and temperatures continue to rise,” Catling said.
The researchers will now apply their calculations to other periods of the geologic past.
“This is going to have implications for the carbon cycles for other times in Earth’s history and into its future, and potentially for other rocky planets beyond the solar system,” Krissansen-Totton said.
The study was funded by NASA.
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For more information, contact Krissansen-Totton at joshkt@uw.edu or Catling at 206-543-8653 or dcatling@uw.edu.
NASA grants: NNX15AL23G, NNA13AA93A, NNX15AR63H
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Eric Steig in the NYTimes
Friday, May 19, 2017
An interactive feature article in the NY Times discusses the state of the Antarctic ice sheet, based on interviews with scientists around the country, including ice core specialist Eric Steig, ESS. Read More -
3.5 earthquake off Whidbey Island joins swarm of Kitsap County quakes | KING 5
Friday, May 12, 2017
A new round of earthquakes struck the Kitsap County region Thursday morning, in the same vicinity where some other quakes hit within the past week. John Vidale, professor of Earth and space sciences at the UW, is quoted. Read More -
Knut Christianson in Rolling Stone magazine
Tuesday, May 9, 2017
Knut Christianson's research on the Thwaites Glacier, Antarctica, is featured in Rolling Stone this week. Read More -
Earthquake warning system works for Bremerton M3 quake
Monday, May 8, 2017
Prof Vidale get a shaking warning from the incipient earthquake early warning system in small quake Read More
